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A simple guide to DNS – DNS Explained

What is DNS?

DNS stands for Domain Name System. In short, it’s the system by which computers all across the globe (that are connected to the internet) can talk to each other and be referenced. Rather than being forced to remember lots of numbers that ordinarily reference these computers, DNS provides us with names that are understandable to humans.

How does a DNS server really know?

Each domain name will have at least one DNS server which it specifies as the authority for that domain name. That DNS server will know exactly which IP address maps to that domain name. So, if any DNS server at any point along the line doesn’t have information to translate a web site address to an IP address – eventually it will ask the authority DNS server for an answer.

How does DNS tell people that my web site is at a particular IP address?

Specialised computers, more usually known as DNS servers, exist to tell people exactly which domain names map to which IP addresses. There are literally hundreds of thousands of these servers, all specifically tuned for this one purpose.

DNS servers hold lists of IP addresses and domain names. When a request is made to a DNS server to do this translation, how it responds depends on a few things:

  • How old its data is for that translation
  • Whether it’s ever done that translation before

If its information is either deemed too old (up to 72 hours) or it’s never looked it up before, the DNS server has to go and find the information from elsewhere. No DNS server holds all up-to-date information for all domain names and IP addresses… it would be a huge list and would force all internet connections to ask the same source – which would be slow and bad.

Instead DNS servers are spread across the whole globe – and they talk to each other constantly in order to retrieve the right information to map any particular domain name to its correct IP address.